| FIX PROBLEM | ENGLISH SOUND | - | COMMON ERROR | - | PRACTICE MATERIALS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Relax the mouth and keep sound short. | /ɪ/ | "sit" | /i:/ | "seat" | Minimal Pairs /ɪ/ or / i: / practice |
| Move tongue to a lower front position. | /æ/ | "man" | /e/ | "men" | Minimal Pairs /e/ or /æ/ practice |
| Tongue low central. Lips relaxed. | /ʌ/ | "cup" | Minimal Pairs /æ/ or /ʌ/ practice Minimal Pairs /ʌ/ or /ɜ:/ practice |
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| Keep mouth round and tongue back. | /ɒ/ | "not" | Minimal Pairs /ɒ/ or /ɔ:/ practice Minimal Pairs /ɑ:/ or /ɒ/ practice |
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| Back of tongue high. Lips rounded but relaxed. Short. | /ʊ/ | "full" | /u:/ | "fool" | Minimal Pairs /ʊ/ or / u: / practice |
| Weak endings: e.g. "London" "England" | /ə/ | "the" (schwa) | Practise the neutral vowel /ə/ using spoken dialogues |
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| Tongue more central & mouth open. | /ɑ:/ | "far" | /ɔ:/ | "four" | |
| Fix tongue in central position. Long. | /ɜ:/ | "bird" | Minimal Pairs /e/ or /ɜ:/ practice Minimal Pairs /ʌ/ or /ɜ:/ practice Minimal Pairs /ɔ:/ or /ɜ:/ practice |
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| Start with tongue low front. | /aɪ/ | "buy" | Minimal Pairs /eɪ/ or /aɪ / practice |
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| Tongue low front to high front to centre. | /aɪə/=/aɪ/+/ə/ | "fire" | |||
| Start with tongue low & back. | /ɔɪ/ | "boy" | |||
| Tongue central. Then tightly round lips. | /əʊ/ | "bone" | /ɔ:/ | "born" | |
| From low front vowel to lips tightly rounded. | /aʊ/ | "cow" | Minimal Pairs /əʊ/ or /aʊ/ practice |
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| Tongue low front. Then round & unround lips. | /aʊə/=/aʊ/+/ə/ | "flour" | |||
| Tongue high and front. Move to centre. | /ɪə/ | "beer" | /eə/ | "bear" | |
| Tongue from centre front. Draw back to centre. | /eə/ | "bear" | |||
| Start with lips tightly rounded. Unround. | /ʊə/ | "tour" | |||
| Voiceless. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /θ/ | "thin" | Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /ð/ practice Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /t/ practice Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /d/ practice Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /s/ practice |
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| Voiced. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /ð/ | "they" | /d/ | "day" | Minimal Pairs /ð/ or /d/ practice |
Voiced. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /ð/ | "clothe" | /z/ | "close" /z/ |
| Voiceless: tip of tongue behind top teeth. Friction. | /s/ | "rice" | /z/ | "rise" | Minimal Pairs /s/ or /z/ practice |
| British /r/ is weaker & sometimes silent. | /r/ | "sir" | "sirrrr" | ||
| Back of tongue to back roof. Nasal. | /ŋk/ | "think" | /ŋ/ | "thing" | Minimal Pairs /ŋ/ or /ŋk/ practice |
| Start with lips tightly rounded. Unround & glide. | /w/ | "west" | /v/ | "vest" | Minimal Pairs /w/ or /v/ practice |
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Fingilish (Persian mixed with English)
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