1. /ɪ/ as in "sit"
Fix problem
Relax the mouth and keep sound short.
English sound
/ɪ/ — "sit"
Common error
/i:/ — "seat"
Practice materials
Minimal Pairs /ɪ/ or /i:/ practice
Minimal Pairs /ɪ/ or /i:/ practice
2. /e/ as in "let"
Fix problem
Keep tongue in fixed front central position.
English sound
/e/ — "let"
Common error
/eɪ/ — "late"
Practice materials
Minimal Pairs /e/ or /eɪ/ practice
Minimal Pairs /e/ or /eɪ/ practice
3. /æ/ as in "man"
Fix problem
Move tongue to a lower front position.
English sound
/æ/ — "man"
Common error
/e/ — "men"
Practice materials
Minimal Pairs /e/ or /æ/ practice
Minimal Pairs /e/ or /æ/ practice
4. /ɔ:/ as in "bought"
Fix problem
Tongue low, back & fixed. Jaws together.
English sound
/ɔ:/ — "bought"
Common error
/əʊ/ — "boat"
Practice materials
Minimal Pairs /ɔ:/ or /əʊ/ practice
Minimal Pairs /ɔ:/ or /əʊ/ practice
5. /v/ as in "vet"
Fix problem
Voiced. Friction with top teeth & bottom lip.
English sound
/v/ — "vet"
Common error
/w/ — "wet"
Practice materials
Minimal Pairs /w/ or /v/ practice
Minimal Pairs /w/ or /v/ practice
6. /w/ as in "west"
Fix problem
Start with lips tightly rounded. Unround & glide.
English sound
/w/ — "west"
Common error
/v/ — "vest"
Practice materials
Minimal Pairs /w/ or /v/ practice
Minimal Pairs /w/ or /v/ practice
7. /θ/ as in "thin"
Fix problem
Voiceless. Friction. Tongue between teeth.
English sound
/θ/ — "thin"
8. /ð/ as in "clothe"
Fix problem
Voiced. Friction. Tongue between teeth.
English sound
/ð/ — "clothe"
Common error
/z/ — "close" /z/
9. /ð/ as in "they"
Fix problem
Voiced. Friction. Tongue between teeth.
English sound
/ð/ — "they"
Common error
/d/ — "day"
Practice materials
Minimal Pairs /ð/ or /d/ practice
Minimal Pairs /ð/ or /d/ practice
10. /h/ as in "hot"
Fix problem
Quickly push air from throat out of mouth.
English sound
/h/ — "hot"
Common error
"ch" in "loch"
Practice materials
Minimal Pairs /h/ or silent "h" practice
Minimal Pairs /h/ or silent "h" practice
11. /ŋk/ as in "think"
Fix problem
Back of tongue to back roof. Nasal.
English sound
/ŋk/ — "think"
Common error
/ŋ/ — "thing"
Practice materials
Minimal Pairs /ŋ/ or /ŋk/ practice
Minimal Pairs /ŋ/ or /ŋk/ practice
12. /tʃ/ as in "chin"
Fix problem
Unvoiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate.
English sound
/tʃ/ — "chin"
Common error
/dʒ/ — "gin"