| FIX PROBLEM | ENGLISH SOUND | - | COMMON ERROR | - | PRACTICE MATERIALS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spread lips more and keep tongue high. | /i:/ | "seat" | /ɪ/ | "sit" | Minimal Pairs /ɪ/ or / i: / practice |
| Keep tongue front & low and jaws apart. | /æ/ | "cat" | /ɑ:/ | "cart" | Minimal Pairs /æ/ or /ɑ:/ practice |
| Move tongue to a lower front position. | /æ/ | "man" | /e/ | "men" | Minimal Pairs /e/ or /æ/ practice |
| Keep tongue front & low and jaws apart. | /æ/ | "ran" | /ʌ/ | "run" | Minimal Pairs /æ/ or /ʌ/ practice |
| Tongue more central. Lips relaxed. | /ʌ/ | "bud" | /æ/ | "bad" | Minimal Pairs /æ/ or /ʌ/ practice |
| Tongue low central. Lips relaxed. | /ʌ/ | "bud" | /ɜ:/ | "bird" | Minimal Pairs /ʌ/ or /ɜ:/ practice |
| Keep mouth round and sound short. | /ɒ/ | "not" | /ɔ:/ | "nought" | Minimal Pairs /ɒ/ or /ɔ:/ practice Minimal Pairs /ɑ:/ or /ɒ/ practice |
| Keep mouth round and tongue back. | /ɒ/ | "God" | /ʊ/ | "good" | |
| Back of tongue high. Lips tightly rounded. Long. | /u:/ | "fool" | /ʊ/ | "full" | Minimal Pairs /ʊ/ or / u: / practice |
| Voiced. Vibration. Trap air with lips. | /b/ | "bill" | /p/ | "pill" | |
| Tip of tongue behind top teeth. | /d/ | "made" | /t/ | "mate" | Minimal Pairs /t/ or /d/ practice |
| Voiced. Friction with top teeth & bottom lip. | /v/ | "van" | /f/ | "fan" | |
| Voiced. Friction with top teeth & bottom lip. | /v/ | "vet" | /w/ | "wet" | Minimal Pairs /w/ or /v/ practice |
| Voiceless. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /θ/ | "thin" | Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /ð/ practice Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /d/ practice Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /t/ practice |
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| Voiceless. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /θ/ | "thin" | /s/ | "sin" | Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /s/ practice |
| Voiceless. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /θ/ | "thin" | /t/ | "tin" | Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /ð/ practice Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /t/ practice Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /d/ practice Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /s/ practice |
| Voiced. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /ð/ | "they" | /d/ | "day" | |
| Voiced. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /ð/ | "clothe" | /z/ | "close" /z/ | |
| Voiced: tip of tongue behind top teeth. Friction. | /z/ | "rise" | /s/ | "rice" | Minimal Pairs /s/ or /z/ practice |
| Quickly push air from throat out of mouth. | /h/ | "hot" | "ch" in "loch" | Minimal Pairs /h/ or silent "h" practice |
|
| Sides of tongue to back teeth. Tip points up. | /r/ | "right" | /l/ | "light" | Minimal Pairs /l/ or /r/ practice |
| Tongue touches hard palate. | /l/ | "light" (clear) | /r/ | "right" | Minimal Pairs /l/ or /r/ practice |
| Contact. Brief "schwa" after release. | /ɫ/ | "tall" (dark l) | |||
| Tongue touches alveolar ridge. Nasal. | /n/ | "spoon" | /ɫ/ | "spool" | |
| Voiced stop: back of tongue to back roof. | /ŋ/ | "thing" | /ŋk/ | "think" | Minimal Pairs /ŋ/ or /ŋk/ practice |
| Unvoiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. | /ʧ/ | "cherry" | |||
| Voiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. | /ʤ/ | "wage" |
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