| FIX PROBLEM | ENGLISH SOUND | - | COMMON ERROR | - | PRACTICE MATERIALS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Keep tongue front & low and jaws apart. | /æ/ | "cat" | /ɑ:/ | "cart" | Minimal Pairs /æ/ or /ɑ:/ practice |
| Tongue moves from front centre to front high. | /eɪ/ | "late" | /e/ | "let" | Minimal Pairs /e/ or /eɪ/ practice |
| Start with tongue low front. | /aɪ/ | "buy" | Minimal Pairs /eɪ/ or /aɪ / practice |
||
| Tongue low front to high front to centre. | /aɪə/=/aɪ/+/ə/ | "fire" | |||
| Start with tongue low & back. | /ɔɪ/ | "boy" | |||
| Tongue central. Then tightly round lips. | /əʊ/ | "note" | /ɒ/ | "not" | Minimal Pairs /əʊ/ or /ɒ/ practice |
| From low front vowel to lips tightly rounded. | /aʊ/ | "cow" | Minimal Pairs /əʊ/ or /aʊ/ practice |
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| Tongue low front. Then round & unround lips. | /aʊə/=/aʊ/+/ə/ | "flour" | |||
| Tongue from centre front. Draw back to centre. | /eə/ | "bear" | |||
| Tip of tongue behind top teeth. | /d/ | "made" | /t/ | "mate" | Minimal Pairs /t/ or /d/ practice |
| Voiced stop: back of tongue to back roof. | /g/ | "game" | /k/ | "came" | |
| Make friction with top teeth & bottom lip. | /f/ | "leaf" | /p/ | "leap" | |
| Voiced. Friction with top teeth & bottom lip. | /v/ | "Hove" | /p/ | "Hope" | |
| Voiced. Friction with top teeth & bottom lip. | /v/ | "vet" | /w/ | "wet" | Minimal Pairs /w/ or /v/ practice |
| Voiceless. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /θ/ | "thin" | /s/ | "sin" | |
| Voiceless. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /θ/ | "thin" | Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /ð/ practice Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /t/ practice Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /d/ practice Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /s/ practice |
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| Voiced. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /ð/ | "they" | /d/ | "day" | Minimal Pairs /ð/ or /d/ practice |
| Make friction: tip of tongue behind top teeth. | /s/ | "rice" | /t/ | "right" | |
| Voiced: tip of tongue behind top teeth. Friction. | /z/ | "rise" | /s/ | "rice" | |
| Voiceless. Friction. Front of tongue to palate. | /ʃ/ | "push" | /t/ | "put" | |
| Voiceless. Friction. Front of tongue to palate. | /ʃ/ | "sherry" | /ʧ/ | "cherry" | |
| Air goes over sides of tongue & out of mouth. | /ɫ/ | "bill" (dark) | /n/ | "bin" | |
| Sides of tongue to back teeth. Tip points up. | /r/ | "right" | /l/ | "light" | Minimal Pairs /l/ or /r/ practice |
| Unvoiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. | /ʧ/ | "watch" | /t/ | "what" | |
| Voiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. | /ʤ/ | "wage" | /t/ | "wait" | |
| Voiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. | /ʤ/ | "Jerry" | /ʃ/ | "sherry" |
EXTERNAL LINK: Non-native pronunciations of English: Thai L1
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