| FIX PROBLEM | ENGLISH SOUND | - | COMMON ERROR | - | PRACTICE MATERIALS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spread lips more and keep tongue high. | /i:/ | "seat" | /ɪ/ | "sit" | Minimal Pairs /ɪ/ or / i: / practice |
| Move tongue to a lower front position. | /æ/ | "man" | /e/ | "men" | Minimal Pairs /e/ or /æ/ practice |
| Keep mouth round and tongue back. | /ɒ/ | "not" | /əʊ/ | "note" | Minimal Pairs /əʊ/ or /ɒ/ practice |
| Tongue low, back & fixed. Jaws together. | /ɔ:/ | "bought" | /əʊ/ | "boat" | Minimal Pairs /ɔ:/ or /əʊ/ practice |
| Fix tongue in central position. Long. | /ɜ:/ | "bird" | Minimal Pairs /e/ or /ɜ:/ practice Minimal Pairs /ʌ/ or /ɜ:/ practice Minimal Pairs /ɔ:/ or /ɜ:/ practice |
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| Unvoiced. Use more air. Trap it with lips. | /p/ | "pit" | /b/ | "bit" | |
| Unvoiced. Trap air with both lips. | /p/ | "pill" | /f/ | "fill" | |
| Voiced. Vibration. Trap air with lips. | /b/ | "bill" | /p/ | "pill" | |
| Tip of tongue behind top teeth. | /t/ | "tie" | /d/ | "die" | Minimal Pairs /t/ or /d/ practice |
| Tip of tongue behind top teeth. | /d/ | "made" | /t/ | "mate" | Minimal Pairs /t/ or /d/ practice |
| Voiceless. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /θ/ | "thin" | /s/ | "sin" | Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /ð/ practice Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /t/ practice Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /d/ practice Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /s/ practice |
| Voiced. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /ð/ | "they" | /d/ | "day" | Minimal Pairs /ð/ or /d/ practice |
| Quickly push air from throat out of mouth. | /h/ | "hot" | "ch" in "loch" | Minimal Pairs /h/ or silent "h" practice |
|
| Tongue touches alveolar ridge. Nasal. | /n/ | "sun" | |||
| Voiced stop: back of tongue to back roof. | /ŋ/ | "thing" | /ŋk/ | "think" | Minimal Pairs /ŋ/ or /ŋk/ practice |
| Back of tongue to back roof. Nasal. | /ŋk/ | "think" | /ŋ/ | "thing" | Minimal Pairs /ŋ/ or /ŋk/ practice |
| Tongue touches hard palate. | /l/ | "light" (clear) | /r/ | "right" | Minimal Pairs /l/ or /r/ practice |
| Contact. Brief "schwa" after release. | /ɫ/ | "tall" (dark l) | |||
| Start with lips tightly rounded. Unround & glide. | /w/ | "west" | /v/ | "vest" | Minimal Pairs /w/ or /v/ practice |
EXTERNAL LINKS: Non-native pronunciations of English: Russian L1
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