| FIX PROBLEM | ENGLISH SOUND | - | COMMON ERROR | - | PRACTICE MATERIALS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Relax the mouth and keep sound short. | /ɪ/ | "sit" | /i:/ | "seat" | Minimal Pairs /ɪ/ or / i: / practice |
| Keep tongue front & low and jaws apart. | /æ/ | "ran" | /ʌ/ | "run" | Minimal Pairs /æ/ or /ʌ/ practice |
| Back of tongue high. Lips rounded but relaxed. Short. | /ʊ/ | "full" | /u:/ | "fool" | Minimal Pairs /ʊ/ or / u: / practice |
| Tongue low, back & fixed. Jaws together. | /ɔ:/ | "bought" | /əʊ/ | "boat" | |
| Fix tongue in central position. Long. | /ɜ:/ | "bird" | Minimal Pairs /e/ or /ɜ:/ practice Minimal Pairs /ʌ/ or /ɜ:/ practice Minimal Pairs /ɔ:/ or /ɜ:/ practice |
||
| Tongue central. Then tightly round lips. | /əʊ/ | "note" | /ɒ/ | "not" | Minimal Pairs /əʊ/ or /ɒ/ practice |
| Voiced. Vibration. Trap air with lips. | /b/ | "bet" | /v/ | "vet" | |
| Voiced. Friction with top teeth & bottom lip. | /v/ | "vet" | /b/ | "bet" | |
| Voiced. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /ð/ | "clothe" | /θ/ | "cloth" | Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /ð/ practice Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /t/ practice Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /d/ practice Minimal Pairs /θ/ or /s/ practice |
| Tip of tongue behind top teeth. | /d/ | "laid" | /ð/ | "lathe" | Minimal Pairs /ð/ or /d/ practice |
| Voiceless stop: back of tongue to back roof. | /k/ | "come" | /g/ | "gum" | |
| Voiceless stop: back of tongue to back roof. | /k/ | "could" | /w/ | "would" | |
| Voiceless: tip of tongue behind top teeth. Friction. | /s/ | "rice" | /z/ | "rise" | Minimal Pairs /s/ or /z/ practice |
| Voiceless: tip of tongue behind top teeth. Friction. | /s/ | "mass" | /ʃ/ | "mash" | |
| Voiceless. Friction. Front of tongue to palate. | /ʃ/ | "sherry" | /ʧ/ | "cherry" | |
| Voiceless. Friction. Front of tongue to palate. | /ʃ/ | "push" | /s/ | "puss" | |
| Quickly push air from throat out of mouth. | /h/ | "hot" | "ch" in "loch" | Minimal Pairs /h/ or silent "h" practice |
|
| Tongue touches alveolar ridge. Nasal. | /n/ | "sun" | |||
| Back of tongue to back roof. Nasal. | /ŋk/ | "think" | /ŋ/ | "thing" | Minimal Pairs /ŋ/ or /ŋk/ practice |
| Voiced stop: back of tongue to back roof. | /ŋ/ | "thing" | /ŋk/ | "think" | Minimal Pairs /ŋ/ or /ŋk/ practice |
| British "r" is weaker & usually silent unless followed by a vowel. | silent | "survivor" | /r/ | "Sir Ivor" | |
| Glide /j/(i:) the tongue quickly to next sound | /j/ | "yam" | /ʤ/ | "jam" | Minimal Pairs /ʤ/ or /j/ practice |
| Start with lips tightly rounded. Unround & glide. | /w/ | "win" | "(g)win" | ||
| Start with lips tightly rounded. Unround & glide. | /w/ | "will" | /b/ | "bill" | |
| Voiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. | /ʤ/ | "wage" | |||
| Voiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. | /ʤ/ | "Jerry" | /ʃ/ | "sherry" |
EXTERNAL LINKS: Non-native pronunciations of English: Spanish L1
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